Radiation:Ionizing Radiation|Definition|Charecters|Effect on human|Mode of Action

Ionizing Radiation

  • The high energy containing electron waves are called ionizing radiation which can pull electrons from orbit. Example, ultraviolet light, X-rays, gamma-rays
  • They have very high frequencies (in the range of 100 billion billion hertz) and very short wavelengths (1 million millionth of a metre).

Mode of action

  • They destroy the atom by pull the electrons from the Orbit.
  • They kill the bacterial cell by destroy the DNA Structure.(by forming dimer in DNA nucleotides)

Exposure to ionizing radiation

Radiation exposure may be internal or external, and can be acquired through various exposure pathways.
Internal exposure to ionizing radiation occurs when a radionuclide is inhaled, ingested or otherwise enters into the bloodstream (for example, by injection or through wounds). Internal exposure stops when the radionuclide is eliminated from the body, either spontaneously (such as through excreta) or as a result of a treatment.
External exposure may occur when airborne radioactive material (such as dust, liquid, or aerosols) is deposited on skin or clothes. This type of radioactive material can often be removed from the body by simply washing


Sources of Ionizing Radiation

  • Nature, background;
  • Medical exposure (x-ray examination, radio-therapy);
  • Nuclear energetic and liquidation of radio-active waste;
  • Mining of radio-nuclides;
  • Objects of common usage (very old TV and computer tubes, sometypes of phosphorescent matters);
  • A special type of exposure of a mammalian organisms is internal exposure (contamination), i.e. entry of radioactive material into the body via inhalation, ingestion or injured skin.

Effect Of Ionizing Radiation

1. Direct Effect:

The direct effects of IR result from the ability of IR to cause DNA breaking through direct ionization of genetic material..

2. Indirect Effects

The indirect effects result from the ability of IR to ionize water into free radicals ultimately leading to a chain of events that are deleterious to the cells.

3. Long Term Effects

The long term effect is classified in this following classes,
a. Somatic Mutations: On expose to ionizing radiation it can effect the somatic cell by mutaion.
b. Germline mutations : Germline mutations of the reproductive tissues result in a variety of transmissible lesions. They may manifest as hereditary disorders.

4. Acute Effects

Acute effect is classified into this following classes.
a. Acute Post-Irradiation Syndrome :
On expose to high dose of ionizing radiation it can cause this syndroms nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, a feeling of malaise and fatigue.
b. The Hematopoietic Syndrome :This results as a consequence of the attack on the medullary functions, halting the production of cells and leading to pancytopenia.
c. The Gastrointestinal Syndrome  : on expose to high radiation or oral intake of radiation it can effect the gastrointestinal track.
d. Skin Injury : on expose to high radiation it can burn the skin or destroy the skin cells.

5. Medium Term Effects

a. Effects of Radiation on Embryo or Fetus: Ionizing during the processes of fertilization, blastogenesis and embryogenesis can disrupt the course of events .
b. Fibrosis : Usually occurs after radiotherapy. This is the consequence of irradiated tissue tending to become less elastic over time due to a diffuse scarring process.
c. Dryness (Xerophthalmia, Xerostomia) : Same as previous

Reference

  • https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ionizing-radiation-health-effects-and-protective-measures
  • https://www.imagewisely.org/-/media/ImageWisely-Files/Imaging-Physicians/IW-Goodman-Ionizing-Radiation-Effects.pdf
  • https://www.wikilectures.eu/w/Ionizing_Radiation

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